Jeen-Shang Lin

ScD, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1982

MS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1980

BS, National Cheng Kung University, 1973

Wen, Y., Lin, J.S., Plaza, F., & Liang, X. (2024). Roles of Hydrology and Transport Processes in Denitrification at Watershed Scale. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 60(4).American Geophysical Union (AGU). doi: 10.1029/2023WR034971.

Wang, X., Wu, W., Zhu, H., Liu, F., Zhang, H., & Lin, J.S. (2021). Three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis with explicit contact formulation and block-wise multicore CPU acceleration. COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS, 139, 104410.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104410.

Wu, W., Wang, X., Zhu, H., Zhang, H., Lin, J.S., & Bobet, A. (2021). Improved friction force calculation with an augmented open-close iteration formulation in discontinuous deformation analysis. COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS, 130, 103932.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103932.

Choi, J.H., Lin, J.S., Dai, S., Lei, L., & Seol, Y. (2020). Triaxial compression of hydrate-bearing sediments undergoing hydrate dissociation by depressurization. GEOMECHANICS FOR ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 23, 100187.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.gete.2020.100187.

Li, Y., Hamed, E.A., Zhang, X., Luna, D., Lin, J.S., Liang, X., & Lee, I. (2020). Feasibility of Harvesting Solar Energy for Self-Powered Environmental Wireless Sensor Nodes. ELECTRONICS, 9(12), 2058.MDPI. doi: 10.3390/electronics9122058.

Liu, H., Lin, J.S., He, J., & Xie, H. (2020). A discrete element exploration of V-shaped breakout failure mechanisms in underground opening. Underground Space, 5(4), 281-291.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.undsp.2019.05.001.

Lu, Y.C., Tien, Y.M., Juang, C.H., & Lin, J.S. (2020). Uncertainty of volume fraction in bimrock using the scan-line method and its application in the estimation of deformability parameters. BULLETIN OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 79(4), 1651-1668.Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/s10064-019-01635-7.

Wang, X., Wu, W., Zhu, H., Lin, J.S., & Zhang, H. (2020). Acceleration of contact detection between arbitrarily shaped polyhedra based on multi-cover methods in three dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES, 132, 104387.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104387.

Wang, X., Wu, W., Zhu, H., Zhang, H., & Lin, J.S. (2020). The last entrance plane method for contact indeterminacy between convex polyhedral blocks. COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS, 117, 103283.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103283.

White, M.D., Kneafsey, T.J., Seol, Y., Waite, W.F., Uchida, S., Lin, J.S., Myshakin, E.M., Gai, X., Gupta, S., Reagan, M.T., Queiruga, A.F., & Kimoto, S. (2020). An international code comparison study on coupled thermal, hydrologic and geomechanical processes of natural gas hydrate-bearing sediments. MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, 120, 104566.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104566.

Zhang, H., Zhang, J.W., Wu, W., Wang, X., Zhu, H., Lin, J.S., & Chen, J.G. (2020). Angle-Based Contact Detection in Discontinuous Deformation Analysis. ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING, 53(12), 5545-5569.Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/s00603-020-02206-z.

Lin, J.S., Uchida, S., Myshakin, E.M., Seol, Y., Rutqvist, J., & Boswell, R. (2019). Assessing the geomechanical stability of interbedded hydrate-bearing sediments under gas production by depressurization at NGHP-02 Site 16. MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, 108, 648-659.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.08.018.

Myshakin, E.M., Seol, Y., Lin, J.S., Uchida, S., Collett, T.S., & Boswell, R. (2019). Numerical simulations of depressurization-induced gas production from an interbedded turbidite gas hydrate-bearing sedimentary section in the offshore India: Site NGHP-02-16 (Area-B). MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, 108, 619-638.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.10.047.

Uchida, S., Lin, J.S., Myshakin, E.M., Seol, Y., & Boswell, R. (2019). Numerical simulations of sand migration during gas production in hydrate-bearing sands interbedded with thin mud layers at site NGHP-02-16. MARINE AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY, 108, 639-647.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.10.046.

Wang, X., Wu, W., Zhu, H., Lin, J.S., & Zhang, H. (2019). Contact detection between polygonal blocks based on a novel multi-cover system for discontinuous deformation analysis. COMPUTERS AND GEOTECHNICS, 111, 56-65.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.03.004.

Choi, J.H., Dai, S., Lin, J.S., & Seol, Y. (2018). Multistage Triaxial Tests on Laboratory-Formed Methane Hydrate-Bearing Sediments. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH, 123(5), 3347-3357.American Geophysical Union (AGU). doi: 10.1029/2018JB015525.

Liu, H.Z., Lin, J.S., He, J.D., & Xie, H.Q. (2018). Discrete elements and size effects. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 189, 246-272.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2017.11.019.

Liu, H.Z., Lin, J.S., He, J.D., & Xie, H.Q. (2018). Dominant mode of planar fractures and the role of material properties. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 195, 57-79.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.03.024.

Wu, W., Zhu, H., Lin, J.S., Zhuang, X., & Ma, G. (2018). Tunnel stability assessment by 3D DDA-key block analysis. TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY, 71, 210-214.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2017.07.015.

Lin, J.S., Seol, Y., & Choi, J.H. (2017). Geomechanical modeling of hydrate-bearing sediments during dissociation under shear. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, 41(14), 1523-1538.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/nag.2695.

Zhou, Y., Zhang, W., Gamwo, I., & Lin, J.S. (2017). Mechanical specific energy versus depth of cut in rock cutting and drilling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ROCK MECHANICS AND MINING SCIENCES, 100, 287-297.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.11.004.

Hasanzoi, M., Harries, K.A., & Lin, J.S. (2016). Capacity and Practical Implications of Driven Bearing H-Pile Design Using ASTM A572 Grade 50 Steel. JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING, 21(7), 04016036.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000900.

Luo, X., Liang, X., & Lin, J.S. (2016). Plant transpiration and groundwater dynamics in water-limited climates: Impacts of hydraulic redistribution. WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 52(6), 4416-4437.American Geophysical Union (AGU). doi: 10.1002/2015WR017316.

Jaime, M.C., Zhou, Y., Lin, J.S., & Gamwo, I.K. (2015). Finite element modeling of rock cutting and its fragmentation process. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 80, 137-146.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.09.004.

Lin, J., Seol, Y., & Choi, J.H. (2015). An SMP critical state model for methane hydrate‐bearing sands. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 39(9), 969-987.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/nag.2347.

Lin, J.S., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Rebuttal: Shallow wide groove scratch tests do not give fracture toughness. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 133, 211-222.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.10.030.

Karimi, B., McQuarrie, N., Lin, J.S., & Harbert, W. (2014). Determining the geometry of the North Anatolian Fault East of the Marmara Sea through integrated stress modeling and remote sensing techniques. TECTONOPHYSICS, 623, 14-22.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.03.015.

Menezes, P.L., Lovell, M.R., Avdeev, I.V., Lin, J.S., & Higgs, C.F. (2014). Studies on the formation of discontinuous chips during rock cutting using an explicit finite element model. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 70(1-4), 635-648.Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/s00170-013-5309-y.

Zhou, Y., & Lin, J.S. (2014). Modeling the ductile–brittle failure mode transition in rock cutting. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 127, 135-147.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.05.020.

Lin, J.S., & Zhou, Y. (2013). Can scratch tests give fracture toughness?. Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 109, 161-168.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2013.06.002.

Zhou, Y., & Lin, J.S. (2013). On the critical failure mode transition depth for rock cutting. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 62, 131-137.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.05.004.

Li, B., Lin, J.S., & Wang, J.H.C. (2011). Cell mechanobiology: The forces applied to cells and generated by cells. In Mechanobiology Handbook. (pp. 253-274).

Mendoza, J.A., Gamwo, I.K., Zhang, W., & Lin, J.S. (2011). Considerations for discrete modeling of rock cutting. 45th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium.

Tien, Y.M., Lu, Y.C., Wu, T.H., Lin, J.S., & Lee, D.H. (2011). Quantify uncertainty in scanline estimates of volumetric fraction of anisotropic birmocks. 45th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium.

Zhou, Y., Jaime, M.C., Gamwo, I.K., Zhang, W., & Lin, J.S. (2011). Modeling groove cutting in rocks using finite elements. 45th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium.

Yang, Z., Lin, J.S., & Smolinski, P. (2010). Effects of Solid Compressibility on Responses of Hydrated Soft Biological Tissues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONLINEAR SCIENCES AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION, 11(10), 817-830.De Gruyter. doi: 10.1515/ijnsns.2010.11.10.817.

Wu, J.H., Lin, J.S., & Chen, C.S. (2009). Dynamic discrete analysis of an earthquake-induced large-scale landslide. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 46(2), 397-407.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.07.010.

Hsu, Y.C., Lin, J.S., & Kuo, J.T. (2007). Projection Method for Validating Reliability Analysis of Soil Slopes. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(6), 753-756.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:6(753).

Li, B., Xie, L., Starr, Z.C., Yang, Z., Lin, J.S., & Wang, J.H.C. (2007). Development of micropost force sensor array with culture experiments for determination of cell traction forces. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON, 64(7), 509-518.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/cm.20200.

Wang, J.H.C., & Lin, J.S. (2007). Cell traction force and measurement methods. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, 6(6), 361.Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/s10237-006-0068-4.

Wang, J.H.C., Lin, J.S., & Yang, Z.C. (2007). Cell Traction Force Microscopy. In Advanced Bioimaging Technologies in Assessment of the Quality of Bone and Scaffold Materials. (pp. 227-235).Springer Nature. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-45456-4_14.

Wang, J.H.C., Thampatty, B.P., Lin, J.S., & Im, H.J. (2007). Mechanoregulation of gene expression in fibroblasts. GENE, 391(1-2), 1-15.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.01.014.

Li, B., Li, F., Li, H.X., Xu, X.C., Szczodry, M., Yang, Z.C., Lin, J.S., & Wang, J.H.C. (2006). Cellular mechanical stress gradient regulates cell proliferation and differentiation patterns. MCB Molecular and Cellular Biomechanics, 3(4), 225-227.

Lin, J.S., & Ku, C.Y. (2006). Two-scale modeling of jointed rock masses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43(3), 426-436.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2005.07.009.

Yang, Z., Lin, J.S., Chen, J., & Wang, J.H.C. (2006). Determining substrate displacement and cell traction fields—a new approach. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 242(3), 607-616.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.05.005.

Ku, C.Y., Lin, J.S., & Chern, J.C. (2004). Modeling of jointed rock masses using a combined equivalentcontinuum and discrete approach. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 41(SUPPL. 1), 402-407.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.03.074.

Lin, J.S. (2003). A mesh-based partition of unity method for discontinuity modeling. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 192(11-12), 1515-1532.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/s0045-7825(02)00655-2.

Smith, R.L., Lin, J., Trindade, M.C., Shida, J., Kajiyama, G., Vu, T., Hoffman, A.R., van der Meulen, M.C., Goodman, S.B., Schurman, D.J., & Carter, D.R. (2000). Time-dependent effects of intermittent hydrostatic pressure on articular chondrocyte type II collagen and aggrecan mRNA expression. The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 37(2), 153-161.

Lin, J.S., & Hynes, M.E. (1998). Seismic discontinuous deformation analysis. Geotechnical Special Publication, (75 I), 790-796.

Jeen-Shang, L., & Yigong, Z. (1994). Nonlinear structural identification using extended kalman filter. Computers & Structures, 52(4), 757-764.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/0045-7949(94)90357-3.

Lin, J. (1994). Extraction of Dynamic Soil Properties Using Extended Kalman Filter. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120(12), 2100-2117.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1994)120:12(2100).

Lin, J. (1993). On engineering equivalent linear analysis of soils in the frequency domain. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 22(1), 75-88.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290220107.

Lin, J. (1990). Regional seismic slope failure probability matrices. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 19(6), 911-923.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290190610.

Lin, J., & Chao, B. (1990). Estimation of shear moduli and damping factors of earth dam materials. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 19(6), 891-910.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290190609.

Lin, J., & Whitman, R.V. (1987). Closure to Earthquake Induced Displacements of Sliding Blocks by JeenShang Lin and Robert V. Whitman January, 1986, Vol. 112, No. 1. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 113(8), 961-962.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1987)113:8(961).

Lin, J.S. (1987). Ground Motion Input Through Equivalent Stationary Motion. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 44(C), 537-549.Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-98956-7.50040-4.

Lin, J., & Tyan, J. (1986). Equivalent stationary motion and average response spectra. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 14(2), 267-279.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290140207.

Lin, J., & Whitman, R.V. (1986). Earthquake Induced Displacements of Sliding Blocks. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 112(1), 44-59.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1986)112:1(44).

Lin, J., & Whitman, R.V. (1983). Decoupling approximation to the evaluation of earthquake‐induced plastic slip in earth dams. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 11(5), 667-678.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/eqe.4290110506.

Lin, J., Whitman, R.V., & Vanmarcke, E.H. (1983). Equivalent Stationary Motion for Liquefaction Study. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 109(8), 1117-1121.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1983)109:8(1117).

Lin, J.S., & Whitman, R.V. (1983). Decoupling approximation to the evaluation of earthquake-induced plastic slip in earth dams. EARTHQUAKE ENGNG. & STRUCT. DYN., 11(5 , Sep.-Oct. 1983, p.667-678.).

Liu, H.Z., Lin, J.S., He, J.D., & Xie, H.Q. (2017). Size effect and fracture: A discrete modeling perspective. In 51st US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2017, 5, (pp. 3444-3448).

Huang, J.Q., Lin, J.S., Du, X.L., & Li, L.Y. (2014). Stability of jointed rock slopes subjected to obliquely incident P waves. In 48th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2014, 3, (pp. 1702-1705).

Lin, J.S. (2013). Extended abstract. In Frontiers of Discontinuous Numerical Methods and Practical Simulations in Engineering and Disaster Prevention - Proceedings of the 11th Int. Conf. on Analysis of Discontinuous Deformation, ICADD 2013, (pp. 539-550).CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/b15791-8.

Liu, W.C., Tien, Y.M., Juang, C.H., & Lin, J.S. (2013). Numerical investigation of crack propagation and failure mechanism of layered rocks. In 47th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2013, 2, (pp. 1542-1551).

Zhou, Y., & Lin, J.S. (2013). Modeling fracture of quasibrittle materials: A comparative study. In 47th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2013, 3, (pp. 1827-1832).

Lin, J.S., Mendoza, J.A., Jaime, M.C., Zhou, Y., Brown, J., Gamwo, I.K., & Zhang, W. (2012). Numerical modeling of rock cutting. In Harmonising Rock Engineering and the Environment - Proceedings of the 12th ISRM International Congress on Rock Mechanics, (pp. 461-466).

Tien, Y.M., Lu, Y.C., Chang, H.H., Chung, Y.C., Lin, J.S., & Lee, D.H. (2012). Uncertainty of volumetric fraction estimates using 2-D measurements. In 46th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2012, 2, (pp. 1474-1479).

Zhou, Y., Zhang, W., Gamwo, I.K., Lin, J.S., Eastman, H., Gill, M., & Whipple, G. (2012). Mechanical specific energy versus depth of cut. In 46th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium 2012, 2, (pp. 758-763).

Yang, Z., Smolinski, P., Lin, J.S., & Gilbertson, L.G. (2011). DYNAMICAL FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF SOFT TISSUES AS CHEMOELECTRIC POROUS MEDIA. In JOURNAL OF MECHANICS IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY, 11(1), (pp. 101-130).World Scientific Publishing. doi: 10.1142/S0219519410003678.

Gutiérrez, J.J., Vallejo, L.E., Lin, J.S., & Painter, R. (2010). Impact of longwall mining on highways. In 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium - 5th US/Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.

Gutiérrez, J.J., Vallejo, L.E., Lin, J.S., & Painter, R. (2010). Impact of longwall mining of coal on highways in southwestern Pennsylvania. In IAHS-AISH Publication, 339, (pp. 120-125).

Jaime, M.C., Gamwo, I.K., Lyons, D.K., & Lin, J.S. (2010). Finite element modeling of rock cutting. In 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium - 5th US/Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.

Mendoza, J.A., Gamwo, I.K., Zhang, W., & Lin, J.S. (2010). Discrete element modeling of rock cutting using crushable particles. In 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium - 5th US/Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.

Tien, Y.M., Lin, J.S., Kou, M.C., Lu, Y.C., Chung, Y.J., Wu, T.H., & Lee, D.H. (2010). Uncertainty in estimation of volumetric block proportion of bimrocks by using scanline method. In 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium - 5th US/Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.

Menezes, P.L., Lovell, M.R., Lin, J.S., & Higgs, C.F. (2009). Finite Element Modeling of Discontinuous Chip Formation During Rock Cutting. In ASME/STLE 2009 International Joint Tribology Conference, (pp. 463-465).ASME International. doi: 10.1115/ijtc2009-15197.

Menezes, P.L., Lovell, M.R., Lin, J.S., & Higgs, C.F. (2009). An Explicit Finite Element Model to Study the Influence of Rake Angle on the Discontinuous Chip Formation During Orthogonal Metal Cutting. In ASME/STLE 2009 International Joint Tribology Conference, (pp. 455-457).ASME International. doi: 10.1115/ijtc2009-15195.

Comfort, L.K., Hauskrecht, M., & Lin, J.S. (2008). Dynamic networks: Modeling change in environments exposed to risk. In Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008 - 5th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, (pp. 576-585).

Lin, J.S., & Wibowo, J.L. (2008). Stability analysis of rock surface spillways using a partition of unity method. In 42nd U.S. Rock Mechanics - 2nd U.S.-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium.

Lin, J.S., & Ku, C.Y. (2005). Modeling the evolution of slope failure as a crack propagation problem. In 11th International Conference on Fracture 2005, ICF11, 2, (pp. 1124-1129).

Lin, J.S. (2002). A Unified Framework for Discrete and Continuum Analysis. In Discrete Element Methods, (117), (pp. 145-150).American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/40647(259)26.

Chang, K.C., Hung, T.K., Margo, D.A., & Lin, J.S. (1996). Dynamic effects of sediment and foundation on dam hydrodynamic pressure under vertical ground accelerations. In Proceedings of Engineering Mechanics, 1, (pp. 511-514).

Lin, J.S. (1992). Evaluation of seismic soil response using stochastic linearization. In Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural and Geotechnical Reliability, Proceedings of the Specialty Conference, (pp. 356-359).

Lin, J.S., Ting, J.M., Vuba, B., & Chen, S. (1992). Computer simulation of direct shear test. In Proceedings of Engineering Mechanics, (pp. 425-428).

Lin, J.S. (1987). CONSTRUCTION OF SLOPE FAILURE PROBABILITY MATRICES.

Lin, J.S., & Tyan, J.Y. (1985). USE OF EQUIVALENT STATIONARY MOTION IN EVALUATING PEAK STRUCTURAL RESPONSES. 2, (pp. 533-537).

Lin, J.S. (1983). EVALUATION OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED PERMANENT DISPLACEMENTS FOR ROCK SLOPES. In Proceedings - Symposium on Rock Mechanics, (pp. 187-192).