Patrick Sparto

Bohlke, K., Perera, S., Baillargeon, E.M., Redfern, M.S., Sparto, P.J., Sejdic, E., & Rosso, A.L. (2023). Exercise interventions, postural control, and prefrontal cortex activation in older adults. BRAIN AND COGNITION, 171, 106063.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106063.

Bohlke, K., Zhu, X., Sparto, P.J., Redfern, M.S., Rosano, C., Sejdic, E., & Rosso, A.L. (2023). The Effect of a Verbal Cognitive Task on Postural Sway Does Not Persist When the Task Is Over (vol 21, 8428, 2021). SENSORS, 23(16), 7218.MDPI AG. doi: 10.3390/s23167218.

Dunlap, P.M., Alradady, F.A., Costa, C.M., Delitto, A., Terhorst, L., Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., Marchetti, G.F., Staab, J.P., Chueh, J., & Whitney, S.L. (2023). The Psychometric Properties of the 9-Item Vestibular Activities Avoidance Instrument. Phys Ther, 103(12).Oxford University Press (OUP). doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzad094.

Karabin, M.J., Harrell, R.G., Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., & Redfern, M.S. (2023). Head and vestibular kinematics during vertical semicircular canal impulses. J Vestib Res, 33(6), 367-376.IOS Press. doi: 10.3233/VES-230010.

Petersen, B.A., Sparto, P.J., & Fisher, L.E. (2023). Clinical measures of balance and gait cannot differentiate somatosensory impairments in people with lower-limb amputation. GAIT & POSTURE, 99, 104-110.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.10.018.

Sinnott, A.M., Eagle, S.R., Kochick, V., Collins, M.W., Elbin, R.J., Connaboy, C., Kontos, A.P., Bricker, I.R., Sparto, P.J., & Flanagan, S.D. (2023). Test-Retest, Interrater Reliability, and Minimal Detectable Change of the Dynamic Exertion Test (EXiT) for Concussion. SPORTS HEALTH-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH, 15(3), 410-421.SAGE Publications. doi: 10.1177/19417381221093556.

Alsubaie, S.F., Whitney, S.L., Furman, J.M., Marchetti, G.F., Sienko, K.H., & Sparto, P.J. (2022). Rating of perceived difficulty scale for measuring intensity of standing balance exercises in individuals with vestibular disorders. JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION, 32(6), 529-540.IOS Press. doi: 10.3233/VES-210146.

Karabin, M.J., Sparto, P.J., Rosano, C., & Redfern, M.S. (2022). Impact of strength and balance on Functional Gait Assessment performance in older adults. GAIT & POSTURE, 91, 306-311.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.10.045.

Sinnott, A.M., Eagle, S.R., Kochick, V., Preszler, J., Collins, M.W., Sparto, P.J., Flanagan, S.D., Elbin, R.J., Connaboy, C., & Kontos, A.P. (2022). The Role of Age, Sex, Body Mass Index, and Sport Type on the Dynamic Exertion Test in Healthy Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study. CLINICAL JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE, 32(5), E499-E507.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000001028.

Bohlke, K., Zhu, X., Sparto, P.J., Redfern, M.S., Rosano, C., Sejdic, E., & Rosso, A.L. (2021). The Effect of a Verbal Cognitive Task on Postural Sway Does Not Persist When the Task Is Over. SENSORS, 21(24), 8428.MDPI AG. doi: 10.3390/s21248428.

Dunlap, P.M., Marchetti, G.F., Sparto, P.J., Staab, J.P., Furman, J.M., Delitto, A., & Whitney, S.L. (2021). Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Vestibular Activities Avoidance Instrument. JAMA OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD & NECK SURGERY, 147(2), 144-150.American Medical Association (AMA). doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.4203.

Dunlap, P.M., Sparto, P.J., Marchetti, G.F., Furman, J.M., Staab, J.P., Delitto, A., Klatt, B.N., & Whitney, S.L. (2021). Fear Avoidance Beliefs Are Associated With Perceived Disability in Persons With Vestibular Disorders. PHYSICAL THERAPY, 101(9).Oxford University Press (OUP). doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzab147.

Eagle, S.R., Sparto, P.J., Holland, C.L., Alkathiry, A.A., Blaney, N.A., Bitzer, H.B., Collins, M.W., Furman, J.M., & Kontos, A.P. (2021). Utility of a Postural Stability/Perceptual Inhibition Dual Task for Identifying Concussion in Adolescents. JOURNAL OF SPORT REHABILITATION, 30(8), 1191-1196.Human Kinetics. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0084.

Scheets, P.L., Hornby, T.G., Perry, S.B., Sparto, P., Riley, N., Romney, W., Fell, D., Kugler, K., & Nordahl, T. (2021). Moving Forward. J Neurol Phys Ther, 45(1), 46-49.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000337.

Alqahtani, B.A., Sparto, P.J., Whitney, S.L., Greenspan, S.L., Perera, S., & Brach, J.S. (2020). Psychometric properties of instrumented postural sway measures recorded in community settings in independent living older adults. BMC GERIATRICS, 20(1), 82.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1186/s12877-020-1489-0.

Alrwaily, M., Sparto, P.J., & Whitney, S.L. (2020). Perception of verticality is altered in people with severe chronic low back pain compared to healthy controls: A cross-sectional study. MUSCULOSKELETAL SCIENCE AND PRACTICE, 45, 102074.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2019.102074.

DiSalvio, N.L., Rosano, C., Aizenstein, H.J., Redfern, M.S., Furman, J.M., Jennings, J.R., Whitney, S.L., & Sparto, P.J. (2020). Gray Matter Regions Associated With Functional Mobility in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, 68(5), 1023-1028.Wiley. doi: 10.1111/jgs.16309.

Santosa, H., Zhai, X., Fishburn, F., Sparto, P.J., & Huppert, T.J. (2020). Quantitative comparison of correction techniques for removing systemic physiological signal in functional near-infrared spectroscopy studies. NEUROPHOTONICS, 7(3), 035009.SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng. doi: 10.1117/1.NPh.7.3.035009.

Sparto, P.J., Rosso, A.L., Divecha, A.A., Metti, A.L., & Rosano, C. (2020). Shared neural substrates of cognitive function and postural control in older adults. ALZHEIMERS & DEMENTIA, 16(4), 621-629.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/alz.12053.

Whitney, S.L., Sparto, P.J., & Furman, J.M. (2020). Vestibular Rehabilitation and Factors That Can Affect Outcome. SEMINARS IN NEUROLOGY, 40(1), 165-172.Georg Thieme Verlag KG. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-3402062.

Alkathiry, A.A., Kontos, A.P., Furman, J.M., Whitney, S.L., Anson, E.R., & Sparto, P.J. (2019). Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Function in Adolescents With Sport-Related Concussion: Preliminary Results. SPORTS HEALTH-A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH, 11(6), 479-485.SAGE Publications. doi: 10.1177/1941738119865262.

Alkathiry, A.A., Sparto, P.J., Kontos, A.P., & Furman, J.M. (2019). Vestibular Dysfunction Associated With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). In Neurosensory Disorders in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. (pp. 133-148).Elsevier. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-812344-7.00010-8.

Almarwani, M., Van Swearingen, J.M., Perera, S., Sparto, P.J., & Brach, J.S. (2019). The Effect of Auditory Cueing on the Spatial and Temporal Gait Coordination in Healthy Adults. JOURNAL OF MOTOR BEHAVIOR, 51(1), 25-31.Informa UK Limited. doi: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1411330.

Alqahtani, B.A., Sparto, P.J., Whitney, S.L., Greenspan, S.L., Perera, S., & Brach, J.S. (2019). Psychometric Properties of Lower Extremity Strength Measurements Recorded in Community Settings in Independent Living Older Adults. EXPERIMENTAL AGING RESEARCH, 45(3), 282-292.Informa UK Limited. doi: 10.1080/0361073X.2019.1609145.

Alqahtani, B.A., Sparto, P.J., Whitney, S.L., Greenspan, S.L., Perera, S., VanSwearingen, J., & Brach, J.S. (2019). Effect of Community-Based Group Exercise Interventions on Standing Balance and Strength in Independent Living Older Adults. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PHYSICAL THERAPY, 42(4), E7-E15.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1519/JPT.0000000000000221.

Alsubaie, S.F., Whitney, S.L., Furman, J.M., Marchetti, G.F., Sienko, K.H., & Sparto, P.J. (2019). Reliability of Postural Sway Measures of Standing Balance Tasks. JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOMECHANICS, 35(1), 11-18.Human Kinetics. doi: 10.1123/jab.2017-0322.

Alsubaie, S.F., Whitney, S.L., Furman, J.M., Marchetti, G.F., Sienko, K.H., Klatt, B.N., & Sparto, P.J. (2019). Reliability and Validity of Ratings of Perceived Difficulty During Performance of Static Standing Balance Exercises. PHYSICAL THERAPY, 99(10), 1381-1393.Oxford University Press (OUP). doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzz091.

Anson, E., Studenski, S., Sparto, P.J., & Agrawal, Y. (2019). Community-dwelling adults with a history of falling report lower perceived postural stability during a foam eyes closed test than non-fallers. EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH, 237(3), 769-776.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00221-018-5458-1.

Klatt, B.N., Sparto, P.J., Terhorst, L., Winser, S., Heyman, R., & Whitney, S.L. (2019). Relationship between subjective visual vertical and balance in individuals with multiple sclerosis. Physiother Res Int, 24(1), e1757.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/pri.1757.

Massa, R.E., Rosso, A., Metti, A.L., Sparto, P.J., Aizenstein, H., Ferrucci, L., Divecha, A., Rosano, C., & Study, H.A.B.C. (2019). Neuroimaging correlates of lateral postural control in older ambulatory adults. AGING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH, 31(5), 611-619.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s40520-018-1028-4.

Redfern, M.S., Chambers, A.J., Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., & Jennings, J.R. (2019). Inhibition and decision-processing speed are associated with performance on dynamic posturography in older adults. EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH, 237(1), 37-45.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00221-018-5394-0.

Whitney, S.L., & Sparto, P.J. (2019). Eye Movements, Dizziness, and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI): A Topical Review of Emerging Evidence and Screening Measures. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGIC PHYSICAL THERAPY, 43, S31-S36.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000272.

Alkathiry, A.A., Sparto, P.J., Freund, B., Whitney, S.L., Mucha, A., Furman, J.M., Collins, M.W., & Kontos, A.P. (2018). Using Accelerometers to Record Postural Sway in Adolescents With Concussion: A Cross-Sectional Study. JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC TRAINING, 53(12), 1166-1172.Journal of Athletic Training/NATA. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-518-17.

Dunlap, P.M., Mucha, A., Smithnosky, D., Whitney, S.L., Furman, J.M., Collins, M.W., Kontos, A.P., & Sparto, P.J. (2018). The Gaze Stabilization Test Following Concussion. J Am Acad Audiol.Georg Thieme Verlag KG. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.18015.

Hoppes, C.W., Sparto, P.J., Whitney, S.L., Furman, J.M., & Huppert, T.J. (2018). Changes in cerebral activation in individuals with and without visual vertigo during optic flow: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL, 20, 655-663.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.08.034.

Hoppes, C.W., Sparto, P.J., Whitney, S.L., Furman, J.M., & Huppert, T.J. (2018). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy during optic flow with and without fixation. PLOS ONE, 13(3), e0193710.Public Library of Science (PLoS). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193710.

Lin, C.C., Barker, J.W., Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., & Huppert, T.J. (2018). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain imaging of multi-sensory integration during computerized dynamic posturography in middle-aged and older adults (vol 235, pg 1247, 2017). EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH, 236(4), 1225-1228.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00221-018-5177-7.

Lin, C.C., Whitney, S.L., Loughlin, P.J., Furman, J.M., Redfern, M.S., Sienko, K.H., & Sparto, P.J. (2018). The Use of Vibrotactile Feedback During Dual-Task Standing Balance Conditions in People With Unilateral Vestibular Hypofunction. OTOLOGY & NEUROTOLOGY, 39(5), E349-E356.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001764.

Redfern, M.S., Chambers, A.J., Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., & Jennings, J.R. (2018). Perceptual Inhibition Associated with Sensory Integration for Balance in Older Adults. DEMENTIA AND GERIATRIC COGNITIVE DISORDERS, 46(5-6), 266-274.S. Karger AG. doi: 10.1159/000493748.

Sparto, P.J., Newman, A.B., Simonsick, E.M., Caserotti, P., Strotmeyer, E.S., Kritchevsky, S.B., Yaffe, K., Rosano, C., & Study, H.A.B.C. (2018). Contributions to lateral balance control in ambulatory older adults. AGING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH, 30(6), 633-641.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s40520-017-0819-3.

Steinl, S.M., Sparto, P.J., Atkeson, C.G., Redfern, M.S., & Johannsen, L. (2018). Interpersonal interactions for haptic guidance during balance exercises. GAIT & POSTURE, 65, 129-136.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.07.163.

Steinl, S.M., Sparto, P.J., Atkeson, C.G., Redfern, M.S., & Johannsen, L. (2018). Interpersonal interactions for haptic guidance during balance exercises. Gait Posture, 65, 129-136. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.07.163.

Alqahtani, B.A., Ferchak, M.A., Huppert, T.J., Sejdic, E., Perera, S., Greenspan, S.L., & Sparto, P.J. (2017). Standing balance and strength measurements in older adults living in residential care communities. AGING CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH, 29(5), 1021-1030.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s40520-016-0693-4.

Asiri, F.Y., Marchetti, G.F., Ellis, J.L., Otis, L., Sparto, P.J., Watzlaf, V., & Whitney, S.L. (2017). Effect of home-based rehabilitation on activities of daily living and gait in older adults with heart failure at risk for falling: A retrospective cohort study. PHYSIOTHERAPY THEORY AND PRACTICE, 33(12), 943-953.Informa UK Limited. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2017.1360422.

Huppert, T.J., Karim, H., Lin, C.C., Alqahtani, B.A., Greenspan, S.L., & Sparto, P.J. (2017). Functional imaging of cognition in an old-old population: A case for portable functional near-infrared spectroscopy. PLOS ONE, 12(10), e0184918.Public Library of Science (PLoS). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184918.

Karim, H.T., Huppert, T.J., Erickson, K.I., Wollam, M.E., Sparto, P.J., Sejdic, E., & VanSwearingen, J.M. (2017). Motor sequence learning-induced neural efficiency in functional brain connectivity. BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH, 319, 87-95.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.021.

Lin, C.C., Barker, J.W., Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., & Huppert, T.J. (2017). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain imaging of multi-sensory integration during computerized dynamic posturography in middle-aged and older adults. EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH, 235(4), 1247-1256.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00221-017-4893-8.

Rosso, A.L., Cenciarini, M., Sparto, P.J., Loughlin, P.J., Furman, J.M., & Huppert, T.J. (2017). Neuroimaging of an attention demanding dual-task during dynamic postural control. GAIT & POSTURE, 57, 193-198.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.06.013.

Sombric, C.J., Harker, H.M., Sparto, P.J., & Torres-Oviedo, G. (2017). Explicit Action Switching Interferes with the Context-Specificity of Motor Memories in Older Adults. FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE, 9(MAR), 40.Frontiers Media SA. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00040.

Almarwani, M., Perera, S., VanSwearingen, J.M., Sparto, P.J., & Brach, J.S. (2016). The test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of spatial and temporal gait variability during usual over-ground walking for younger and older adults. GAIT & POSTURE, 44, 94-99.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.11.014.

Almarwani, M., VanSwearingen, J.M., Perera, S., Sparto, P.J., & Brach, J.S. (2016). Challenging the motor control of walking: Gait variability during slower and faster pace walking conditions in younger and older adults. ARCHIVES OF GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS, 66, 54-61.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.05.001.

ALMohiza, M.A., Sparto, P.J., Marchetti, G.F., Delitto, A., Furman, J.M., Miller, D.L., & Whitney, S.L. (2016). A Quality Improvement Project in Balance and Vestibular Rehabilitation and Its Effect on Clinical Outcomes. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGIC PHYSICAL THERAPY, 40(2), 90-99.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000125.

Alsalaheen, B.A., Whitney, S.L., Marchetti, G.F., Furman, J.M., Kontos, A.P., Collins, M.W., & Sparto, P.J. (2016). Relationship Between Cognitive Assessment and Balance Measures in Adolescents Referred for Vestibular Physical Therapy After Concussion. CLINICAL JOURNAL OF SPORT MEDICINE, 26(1), 46-52.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000185.

Alshehri, M.M., Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., Fedor, S., Mucha, A., Henry, L.C., & Whitney, S.L. (2016). The usefulness of the video head impulse test in children and adults post-concussion. JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION, 26(5-6), 439-446.IOS Press. doi: 10.3233/VES-160598.

Barker, J.W., Rosso, A.L., Sparto, P.J., & Huppert, T.J. (2016). Correction of motion artifacts and serial correlations for real-time functional near-infrared spectroscopy. NEUROPHOTONICS, 3(3), 031410.SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng. doi: 10.1117/1.NPh.3.3.031410.

Bouzubar, F.F., Kelley Fitzgerald, G., Sparto, P., & Irrgang, J.J. (2015). Quadriceps fatigue test: Test-retest reliability study and relationship to quadriceps activation failure. Physiotherapy Practice and Research, 36(1), 65-72.IOS Press. doi: 10.3233/ppr-140052.

Farrokhi, S., O'Connell, M., Gil, A.B., Sparto, P.J., & Fitzgerald, G.K. (2015). Altered Gait Characteristics in Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis and Self-Reported Knee Instability. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC & SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPY, 45(5), 351-359.Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT). doi: 10.2519/jospt.2015.5540.

Lin, C.C., Whitney, S.L., Loughlin, P.J., Furman, J.M., Redfern, M.S., Sienko, K.H., & Sparto, P.J. (2015). The effect of age on postural and cognitive task performance while using vibrotactile feedback. JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, 113(7), 2127-2136.American Physiological Society. doi: 10.1152/jn.00083.2014.

Sparto, P.J., Fuhrman, S.I., Redfern, M.S., Perera, S., Jennings, J.R., Alghwiri, A.A., & Furman, J.M. (2015). Postural adjustment errors during lateral step initiation in older and younger adults (vol 232, pg 3977, 2014). EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH, 233(4), 1351.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4162-z.

Alahmari, K.A., Marchetti, G.F., Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., & Whitney, S.L. (2014). Estimating Postural Control With the Balance Rehabilitation Unit: Measurement Consistency, Accuracy, Validity, and Comparison With Dynamic Posturography. ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION, 95(1), 65-73.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.09.011.

Alahmari, K.A., Sparto, P.J., Marchetti, G.F., Redfern, M.S., Furman, J.M., & Whitney, S.L. (2014). Comparison of Virtual Reality Based Therapy With Customized Vestibular Physical Therapy for the Treatment of Vestibular Disorders. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION ENGINEERING, 22(2), 389-399.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2013.2294904.

Alsalaheen, B.A., Whitney, S.L., Marchetti, G.F., Furman, J.M., Kontos, A.P., Collins, M.W., & Sparto, P.J. (2014). Performance of High School Adolescents on Functional Gait and Balance Measures. PEDIATRIC PHYSICAL THERAPY, 26(2), 191-199.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/PEP.0000000000000037.

Asiri, F.Y., Marchetti, G.F., Ellis, J.L., Otis, L., Sparto, P.J., Watzlaf, V., & Whitney, S.L. (2014). Predictors of Functional and Gait Outcomes for Persons Poststroke Undergoing Home-based Rehabilitation. JOURNAL OF STROKE & CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES, 23(7), 1856-1864.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.02.025.

Friscia, L.A., Morgan, M.T., Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., & Whitney, S.L. (2014). Responsiveness of Self-Report Measures in Individuals With Vertigo, Dizziness, and Unsteadiness. OTOLOGY & NEUROTOLOGY, 35(5), 884-888.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000000421.

Huang, K., Sparto, P.J., Kiesler, S., Siewiorek, D.P., & Smailagic, A. (2014). iPod-based in-home system for monitoring gaze-stabilization exercise compliance of individuals with vestibular hypofunction. JOURNAL OF NEUROENGINEERING AND REHABILITATION, 11(1), 69.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-11-69.

Karim, H.T., Sparto, P.J., Aizenstein, H.J., Furman, J.M., Huppert, T.J., Erickson, K.I., & Loughlin, P.J. (2014). Functional MR imaging of a simulated balance task. BRAIN RESEARCH, 1555, 20-27.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.01.033.

Muhei-aldin, O., VanSwearingen, J., Karim, H., Huppert, T., Sparto, P.J., Erickson, K.I., & Sejdic, E. (2014). An investigation of fMRI time series stationarity during motor sequence learning foot tapping tasks. JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS, 227, 75-82.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.003.

Sparto, P.J., Fuhrman, S.I., Redfern, M.S., Perera, S., Jennings, J.R., & Furman, J.M. (2014). Postural adjustment errors during lateral step initiation in older and younger adults. EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH, 232(12), 3977-3989.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00221-014-4081-z.

Sparto, P.J., Jennings, J.R., Furman, J.M., & Redfern, M.S. (2014). Lateral step initiation behavior in older adults. GAIT & POSTURE, 39(2), 799-803.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.10.021.

Winger, M. (2014). Quality control of a novel clinical measurement of leg power in older adults: the AMTI force plate jump test. University of Pittsburgh.

Alsalaheen, B.A., Whitney, S.L., Mucha, A., Morris, L.O., Furman, J.M., & Sparto, P.J. (2013). Exercise prescription patterns in patients treated with vestibular rehabilitation after concussion. Physiother Res Int, 18(2), 100-108.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/pri.1532.

Huppert, T., Schmidt, B., Beluk, N., Furman, J., & Sparto, P. (2013). Measurement of Brain Activation During an Upright Stepping Reaction Task Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. HUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, 34(11), 2817-2828.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/hbm.22106.

Karim, H., Fuhrman, S.I., Sparto, P., Furman, J., & Huppert, T. (2013). Functional brain imaging of multi-sensory vestibular processing during computerized dynamic posturography using near-infrared spectroscopy. NEUROIMAGE, 74, 318-325.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.010.

Mohammad, M.T., Furman, J.M., Sparto, P.J., Marchetti, G.F., & Whitney, S.L. (2013). The Effect of Optotype Size and Velocity Parameters on the Performance of Healthy Young Adult Subjects on the Gaze Stabilization Test. OTOLOGY & NEUROTOLOGY, 34(6), 1090-1095.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827f192e.

Morgan, M.T., Friscia, L.A., Whitney, S.L., Furman, J.M., & Sparto, P.J. (2013). Reliability and Validity of the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) in Individuals With Dizziness and Imbalance. OTOLOGY & NEUROTOLOGY, 34(6), 1104-1108.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e318281df5d.

Sparto, P.J., Fuhrman, S.I., Redfern, M.S., Jennings, J.R., Perera, S., Nebes, R.D., & Furman, J.M. (2013). Postural adjustment errors reveal deficits in inhibition during lateral step initiation in older adults. JOURNAL OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, 109(2), 415-428.American Physiological Society. doi: 10.1152/jn.00682.2012.

Whitney, S.L., Sparto, P.J., Cook, J.R., Redfern, M.S., & Furman, J.M. (2013). Symptoms elicited in persons with vestibular dysfunction while performing gaze movements in optic flow environments. JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION, 23(1), 51-60.IOS Press. doi: 10.3233/VES-130466.

Alghwiri, A.A., Whitney, S.L., Baker, C.E., Sparto, P.J., Marchetti, G.F., Rogers, J.C., & Furman, J.M. (2012). The Development and Validation of the Vestibular Activities and Participation Measure. ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION, 93(10), 1822-1831.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.03.017.

Cohen, M.S., Mandel, E.M., Furman, J.M., Sparto, P.J., & Casselbrant, M.L. (2011). Tympanostomy Tube Placement and Vestibular Function in Children. OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY, 145(4), 666-672.Wiley. doi: 10.1177/0194599811412038.

Hergenroeder, A.L., Brach, J.S., Otto, A.D., Sparto, P.J., & Jakicic, J.M. (2011). The Influence of Body Mass Index on Self-report and Performance-based Measures of Physical Function in Adult Women. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J, 22(3), 11-20.

Josbeno, D.A., Kalarchian, M., Sparto, P.J., Otto, A.D., & Jakicic, J.M. (2011). Physical Activity and Physical Function in Individuals Post-bariatric Surgery. OBESITY SURGERY, 21(8), 1243-1249.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s11695-010-0327-4.

Mohammad, M.T., Whitney, S.L., Marchetti, G.F., Sparto, P.J., Ward, B.K., & Furman, J.M. (2011). The reliability and response stability of dynamic testing of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in patients with vestibular disease. JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION, 21(5), 277-288.IOS Press. doi: 10.3233/VES-2011-0430.

Whitney, S.L., & Sparto, P.J. (2011). Principles of vestibular physical therapy rehabilitation. NEUROREHABILITATION, 29(2), 157-166.IOS Press. doi: 10.3233/NRE-2011-0690.

Woollard, J.D., Gil, A.B., Sparto, P., Kwoh, C.K., Piva, S.R., Farrokhi, S., Powers, C.M., & Fitzgerald, G.K. (2011). Change in Knee Cartilage Volume in Individuals Completing a Therapeutic Exercise Program for Knee Osteoarthritis. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC & SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPY, 41(10), 708-722.Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT). doi: 10.2519/jospt.2011.3633.

Alsalaheen, B.A., Mucha, A., Morris, L.O., Whitney, S.L., Furman, J.M., Camiolo-Reddy, C.E., Collins, M.W., Lovell, M.R., & Sparto, P.J. (2010). Vestibular Rehabilitation for Dizziness and Balance Disorders After Concussion. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGIC PHYSICAL THERAPY, 34(2), 87-93.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181dde568.

Casselbrant, M.L., Mandel, E.M., Sparto, P.J., Perera, S., Redfern, M.S., Fall, P.A., & Furman, J.M. (2010). Longitudinal posturography and rotational testing in children three to nine years of age: Normative data. OTOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY, 142(5), 708-714.Wiley. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2010.01.028.

Cenciarini, M., Loughlin, P.J., Sparto, P.J., & Redfern, M.S. (2010). Stiffness and Damping in Postural Control Increase With Age. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, 57(2), 267-275. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2009.2031874.

Cenciarini, M., Loughlin, P.J., Sparto, P.J., & Redfern, M.S. (2010). Stiffness and damping in postural control increase with age. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, 57(2), 267-275.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/TBME.2009.2031874.

Mohammad, M.T., Whitney, S.L., Sparto, P.J., Jennings, J.R., & Furman, J.M. (2010). Perceptual and Motor Inhibition in Individuals With Vestibular Disorders. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGIC PHYSICAL THERAPY, 34(2), 76-81.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181dde582.

Pradhan, S.D., Brewer, B.R., Carvell, G.E., Sparto, P.J., Delitto, A., & Matsuoka, Y. (2010). Assessment of Fine Motor Control in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease Using Force Tracking with a Secondary Cognitive Task. JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGIC PHYSICAL THERAPY, 34(1), 32-40.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181d055a6.

Cenciarini, M., Loughlin, P.J., Sparto, P.J., & Redfern, M.S. (2009). Medial-lateral postural control in older adults exhibits increased stiffness and damping. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2009, 7006-7009.IEEE. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2009.5333838.

Whitney, S.L., Sparto, P.J., Alahmari, K., Redfern, M.S., & Furman, J.M. (2009). The use of virtual reality for people with balance and vestibular disorders: the Pittsburgh experience. Physical Therapy Reviews, 14(5), 299-306.Informa UK Limited. doi: 10.1179/108331909x12488667117294.

O'Connor, K.W., Loughlin, P.J., Redfern, M.S., & Sparto, P.J. (2008). Postural adaptations to repeated optic flow stimulation in older adults. GAIT & POSTURE, 28(3), 385-391.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.01.010.

Sparto, P.J., Aizenstein, H.J., VanSwearingen, J.M., Rosano, C., Perera, S., Studenski, S.A., Furman, J.M., & Redfern, M.S. (2008). Delays in auditory-cued step initiation are related to increased volume of white matter hyperintensities in older adults. EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH, 188(4), 633-640.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1443-4.

Casselbrant, M.L., Mandel, E.M., Sparto, P.J., Redfern, M.S., & Furman, J.M. (2007). Contribution of vision to balance in children four to eight years of age. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 116(9 I), 653-657. doi: 10.1177/000348940711600905.

Casselbrant, M.L., Mandel, E.M., Sparto, P.J., Redfern, M.S., & Furman, J.M. (2007). Contribution of vision to balance in children four to eight years of age. ANNALS OF OTOLOGY RHINOLOGY AND LARYNGOLOGY, 116(9), 653-657.SAGE Publications. doi: 10.1177/000348940711600905.

Whitney, S.L., Marchetti, G.F., Morris, L.O., & Sparto, P.J. (2007). The reliability and validity of the four square step test for people with balance deficits secondary to a vestibular disorder. ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION, 88(1), 99-104.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2006.10.027.

Krell, J.M., McCoy, M.S., Sparto, P.J., Fisher, G.L., Stoy, W.A., & Hostler, D.P. (2006). Comparison of the Ferno Scoop Stretcher with the long backboard for spinal immobilization. PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE, 10(1), 46-51.Informa UK Limited. doi: 10.1080/10903120500366375.

Meretta, B.M., Whitney, S.L., Marchetti, G.F., Sparto, P.J., & Muirhead, R.J. (2006). The five times sit to stand test: Responsiveness to change and concurrent validity in adults undergoing vestibular rehabilitation. JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION, 16(4-5), 233-243.

Musolino, M.C., Loughlin, P.J., Sparto, P.J., & Redfern, M.S. (2006). Spectrally similar periodic and non-periodic optic flows evoke different postural sway responses. GAIT & POSTURE, 23(2), 180-188.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.02.008.

Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., & Redfern, M.S. (2006). Head sway response to optic flow: effect of age is more important than the presence of unilateral vestibular hypofunction. J Vestib Res, 16(3), 137-145.

Sparto, P.J., Redfern, M.S., Jasko, J.G., Casselbrant, M.L., Mandel, E.M., & Furman, J.M. (2006). The influence of dynamic visual cues for postural control in children aged 7-12 years. EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH, 168(4), 505-516.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-0109-8.

Whitney, S.L., Sparto, P.J., Hodges, L.F., Babu, S.V., Furman, J.M., & Redfern, M.S. (2006). Responses to a virtual reality grocery store in persons with and without vestibular dysfunction. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY & BEHAVIOR, 9(2), 152-156.Mary Ann Liebert Inc. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2006.9.152.

Furman, J.M., Sparto, P.J., Soso, M., & Marcus, D. (2005). Vestibular function in migraine-related dizziness: A pilot study. JOURNAL OF VESTIBULAR RESEARCH-EQUILIBRIUM & ORIENTATION, 15(5-6), 327-332.

Mahboobin, A., Loughlin, P.J., Redfern, M.S., & Sparto, P.J. (2005). Sensory re-weighting in human postural control during moving-scene perturbations. EXPERIMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH, 167(2), 260-267.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-0053-7.

Mahboobin, A., Loughlin, P.J., Redfern, M.S., & Sparto, P.J. (2005). Sensory re-weighting in human postural control during moving-scene perturbations. Exp Brain Res, 167(2), 260-267. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-0053-7.

Whitney, S.L., Jacob, R.G., Sparto, P.J., Olshansky, E.F., Detweiler-Shostak, G., Brown, E.L., & Furman, J.M. (2005). Acrophobia and pathological height vertigo: Indications for vestibular physical therapy?. PHYSICAL THERAPY, 85(5), 443-458.Oxford University Press (OUP). doi: 10.1093/ptj/85.5.443.

Childs, J.D., Sparto, P.J., Fitzgerald, G.K., Bizzini, M., & Irrgang, J.J. (2004). Alterations in lower extremity movement and muscle activation patterns in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. CLINICAL BIOMECHANICS, 19(1), 44-49.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2003.08.007.

Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., Whitney, S.L., Hodges, L.F., & Redfern, M.S. (2004). Vestibular rehabilitation using a wide field of view virtual environment. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, 2004, 4836-4839.IEEE. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2004.1404338.

Sparto, P.J., Jasko, J.G., & Loughlin, P.J. (2004). Detecting postural responses to sinusoidal sensory inputs: A statistical approach. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL SYSTEMS AND REHABILITATION ENGINEERING, 12(3), 360-366.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/TNSRE.2004.834203.

Sparto, P.J., Whitney, S.L., Hodges, L.F., Furman, J.M., & Redfern, M.S. (2004). Simulator sickness when performing gaze shifts within a wide field of view optic flow environment: preliminary evidence for using virtual reality in vestibular rehabilitation. J Neuroeng Rehabil, 1(1), 14.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-1-14.

Latt, L.D., Sparto, P.J., Furman, J.M., & Redfern, M.S. (2003). The steady-state postural response to continuous sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation. GAIT & POSTURE, 18(2), 64-72.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/S0966-6362(02)00195-9.

Whitney, S.L., Sparto, P.J., Brown, K.E., Furman, J.M., Jacobson, J.L., & Redfern, M.S. (2002). The Potential Use of Virtual Reality in Vestibular Rehabilitation. Neurology Report, 26(2), 72-78.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/01253086-200226020-00004.

Jacobson, J., Whitney, S.L., Sparto, P.J., Redfern, M.S., Furman, J.M., Wilson, J.B., & Hodges, L.F. (2001). Balance NAVE; A virtual reality facility for research and rehabilitation of balance disorders. ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Proceedings, VRST, 103-109.

Sparto, P.J., & Parnianpour, M. (2001). Generalizability of trunk muscle EMG and spinal forces. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY MAGAZINE, 20(6), 72-81.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/51.982278.

SPARTO, P.J., & REDFERN, M.S. (2001). QUANTIFICATION OF DIRECTION AND MAGNITUDE OF CYCLICAL POSTURAL SWAY USING ELLIPSES. Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications, 13(05), 213-217.National Taiwan University. doi: 10.4015/s1016237201000261.

Sparto, P.J., Parnianpour, M., Barria, E.A., & Jagadeesh, J.M. (2000). Wavelet and short-time Fourier transform analysis of electromyography for detection of back muscle fatigue. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON REHABILITATION ENGINEERING, 8(3), 433-436.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/86.867887.

Wrisley, D.M., Sparto, P.J., Whitney, S.L., & Furman, J.M. (2000). Cervicogenic dizziness: A review of diagnosis and treatment. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC & SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPY, 30(12), 755-766.Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT). doi: 10.2519/jospt.2000.30.12.755.

Khalaf, K.A., Parnianpour, M., Sparto, P.J., & Barin, K. (1999). Determination of the effect of lift characteristics on dynamic performance profiles during manual materials handling tasks. ERGONOMICS, 42(1), 126-145.Informa UK Limited. doi: 10.1080/001401399185847.

Khalaf, K.A., Parnianpour, M., Sparto, P.J., & Barin, K. (1999). Feature extraction and quantification of the variability of dynamic performance profiles due to the different sagittal lift characteristics. IEEE Trans Rehabil Eng, 7(3), 278-288.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/86.788465.

Sparto, P.J., & Parnianpour, M. (1999). An electromyography-assisted model to estimate trunk muscle forces during fatiguing repetitive trunk exertions. JOURNAL OF SPINAL DISORDERS, 12(6), 509-518.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/00002517-199912000-00011.

Sparto, P.J., Parnianpour, M., Barria, E.A., & Jagadeesh, J.M. (1999). Wavelet and time-frequency analyses of electromyography for quantification of back muscle fatigue. Biomedical Engineering - Applications, Basis and Communications, 11(5), 221-231.

Sparto, P.J., Parnianpour, M., Barria, E.A., & Jagadeesh, J.M. (1999). Wavelet analysis of electromyography for back muscle fatigue detection during isokinetic constant-torque exertions. SPINE, 24(17), 1791-1798.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/00007632-199909010-00008.

Bridger, R.S., Sparto, P., & Marras, W.S. (1998). Spade design, lumbar motions, risk of low-back injury and digging posture. Occupational Ergonomics, 1(3), 157-172.

Parnianpour, M., Nordin, M., Frankel, V.H., & Sparto, P.J. (1998). The relationships between trunk strength, endurance, physical activity level, and pain following maximum isometric and dynamic fatiguing exertions. Biomedical Engineering - Applications, Basis and Communications, 10(1), 18-22.

Sparto, P.J., & Parnianpour, M. (1998). Estimation of trunk muscle forces and spinal loads during fatiguing repetitive trunk exertions . SPINE, 23(23), 2563-2573.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/00007632-199812010-00011.

Sparto, P.J., Parnianpour, M., Marras, W.S., Granata, K.P., Reinsel, T.E., & Simon, S. (1998). Effect of electromyogram-force relationships and method of gain estimation on the predictions of an electromyogram-driven model of spinal loading. SPINE, 23(4), 423-429.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/00007632-199802150-00003.

Sparto, P.J., Parnianpour, M., Reinsel, T.E., & Simon, S. (1998). The effect of lifting belt use on multijoint motion and load bearing during repetitive and asymmetric lifting. JOURNAL OF SPINAL DISORDERS, 11(1), 57-64.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/00002517-199802000-00009.

Barin, K., Jefferson, G.D., Sparto, P.J., & Parnianpour, M. (1997). Effect of aging on human postural control during cognitive tasks. Biomed Sci Instrum, 33, 388-393.

Khalaf, K.A., Parnianpour, M., Sparto, P.J., & Simon, S.R. (1997). Modeling of functional trunk muscle performance: Interfacing ergonomics and spine rehabilitation in response to the ADA. JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, 34(4), 459-469.

Khalaf, K.A., Parnianpour, M., Sparto, P.J., Barin, K., & Simon, S.R. (1997). The determination of the effect of lift characteristics on dynamic performance profiles during Manual Material Handling (MMH) tasks. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Bioengineering Division (Publication) BED, 36, 247-248.

Parnianpour, M., Sparto, P.J., & Chen, M.C. (1997). Validation of electrolytic-liquid tilt sensors for human motion measurement. Biomed Sci Instrum, 33, 465-470.

Sparto, P.J., Jagadeesh, J.M., & Parnianpour, M. (1997). Wavelet analysis of electromyography for back muscle fatigue detection during dynamic constant-torque exertions. Biomed Sci Instrum, 33, 82-87.

Sparto, P.J., Parnianpour, M., Marras, W.S., Granata, K.P., Reinsel, T.E., & Simon, S. (1997). Neuromuscular trunk performance and spinal loading during a fatiguing isometric trunk extension with varying torque requirements. JOURNAL OF SPINAL DISORDERS, 10(2), 145-156.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/00002517-199704000-00007.

Sparto, P.J., Parnianpour, M., Reinsel, T.E., & Simon, S. (1997). The effect of fatigue on multijoint kinematics, coordination, and postural stability during a repetitive lifting test. JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC & SPORTS PHYSICAL THERAPY, 25(1), 3-12.Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy (JOSPT). doi: 10.2519/jospt.1997.25.1.3.

Sparto, P.J., Parnianpour, M., Reinsel, T.E., & Simon, S. (1997). Spectral and temporal responses of trunk extensor electromyography to an isometric endurance test. SPINE, 22(4), 418-425.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/00007632-199702150-00013.

Sparto, P.J., Parnianpour, M., Reinsel, T.E., & Simon, S. (1997). The effect of fatigue on multijoint kinematics and load sharing during a repetitive lifting test. SPINE, 22(22), 2647-2654.Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). doi: 10.1097/00007632-199711150-00013.

Sparto, P.J., Parnianpour, M., Khalaf, K.A., & Simon, S.R. (1995). The reliability and validity of a lift simulator and its functional equivalence with free weight lifting tasks. IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering, 3(2), 155-164.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). doi: 10.1109/86.392372.