(2012) Elected Fellow-Water Environment Federation.
(2004) PWEA 2004 Professional Research Award Pennsylvania Water Environment Association.
(1995) Roy F. Weston Award - for leadership contributions and achievements in the area of industrial waste management in Pennsylvania.
(1994) ASCE Service Award.
(1990) ASCE Energy Division Service Award.
(1983 - 1984) Senior Fulbright Scholar.
American Men and Women of Science.
RESEARCH GRANT AND CONTRACT SPONSORS: US DOE, ERDA, USEPA, NSF, AISI, U.S. Geological Survey-Dept. Interior, Pennsylvania Dept. Transportation, Electric Power Research Institute, Pennsylvania Energy Development Authority, Ben Franklin Technology Center of Western Pennsylvania, Private Corporations, Allegheny County Department of Health..
Diplomate, American Academy of Environmental Engineers.
BE, Chemical Engineering, The Cooper Union, 1967
MS, Chemical Engineering, Northwestern University, 1969
PhD, Civil Engineering (Environmental Health Engineering), Northwestern University, 1973
Vazquez, O., Monnell, J.D., Pu, X., & Neufeld, R.D. (2011). Major Processes Dominating the Release of Aluminum from Smectite Clays When Leached with Acid Mine Drainage. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 28(3), 163-169.Mary Ann Liebert Inc. doi: 10.1089/ees.2010.0195.
Pu, X., Vazquez, O., Monnell, J.D., & Neufeld, R.D. (2010). Speciation of Aluminum Precipitates from Acid Rock Discharges in Central Pennsylvania. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 27(2), 169-180.Mary Ann Liebert Inc. doi: 10.1089/ees.2009.0196.
Vazquez, O., Pu, X., Monnell, J.D., & Neufeld, R.D. (2010). Release of Aluminum from Clays in an Acid Rock Drainage Environment. MINE WATER AND THE ENVIRONMENT, 29(4), 270-276.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s10230-010-0114-4.
Bliss, D.J., Neufeld, R.D., & Ries, R.J. (2009). Storm Water Runoff Mitigation Using a Green Roof. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 26(2), 407-417.Mary Ann Liebert Inc. doi: 10.1089/ees.2007.0186.
Kalainesan, S., Neufeld, R.D., Quimpo, R., & Yodnane, P. (2009). Sedimentation basin performance at highway construction sites. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, 90(2), 838-849.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.01.016.
Kalainesan, S., Neufeld, R.D., Quimpo, R., & Yodnane, P. (2009). Application of Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation to the Design of Construction Site Sedimentation Basins. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 26(1), 33-43.Mary Ann Liebert Inc. doi: 10.1089/ees.2007.0101.
Kalainesan, S., Neufeld, R.D., Quimpo, R., & Yodnane, P. (2008). Integrated methodology of design for construction site sedimentation basins. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE, 134(8), 619-627.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2008)134:8(619).
Dilmore, R., Neufeld, R.D., & Hammack, R.W. (2007). Kinetics of chemoheterotrophic microbially mediated reduction of ferric EDTA and the nitrosyl adduct of ferrous EDTA for the treatment and regeneration of spent nitric oxide scrubber liquor. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 79(5), 479-487.Wiley. doi: 10.2175/106143006X115390.
Shan, H., & Neufeld, R.D. (2007). Irreversible fouling during multicycle microfiltration of wastewater effluent. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 79(13), 2527-2535.Wiley. doi: 10.2175/106143007X212175.
Dilmore, R., & Neufeld, R.D. (2006). Biologically Treating and Regenerating Spent Scrubber Solution from a Closed-Loop Nitrogen Oxide Absorption Process. Industrial Wastewater, 5(1), 9-13.
Dilmore, R., Neufeld, R.D., & Hammack, R.W. (2006). Laboratory-scale iron EDTA-based NOx scrubbing process with biological treatment and regeneration of spent scrubber water. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 23(5), 788-802.Mary Ann Liebert Inc. doi: 10.1089/ees.2006.23.788.
Modise, C.M., Bendick, J.A., Miller, C.J., Neufeld, R.D., & Vidic, R.D. (2006). Use of hydrophilic and hydrophobic microfiltration membranes to remove microorganisms and organic pollutants from primary effluents. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 78(6), 557-564.Wiley. doi: 10.2175/106143006X99777.
Bendick, J.A., Miller, C.J., Kindle, B.J., Shan, H.F., Vidic, R.D., & Neufeld, R.D. (2005). Pilot scale demonstration of cross-flow ceramic membrane microfiltration for treatment of combined and sanitary sewer overflows. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, 131(11), 1532-1539.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2005)131:11(1532).
Klein, D.B., & Neufeld, R.D. (2005). Use of a Multiple Orifice Spray Reactor to Accelerate Ferrous Iron Oxidation in Acidic Mine Water. Mine Water and the Environment, 24(4), 186-193.Springer Science and Business Media LLC. doi: 10.1007/s10230-005-0094-y.
Modise, C.M., Shan, H.F., Neufeld, R.D., & Vidic, R.D. (2005). Evaluation of permeate flux rate and membrane fouling in dead-end microfiltration of primary sewage effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE, 22(4), 427-439.Mary Ann Liebert Inc. doi: 10.1089/ees.2005.22.427.
Bendick, J.A., Modise, C.M., Miller, C.J., Neufeld, R.D., & Vidic, R.D. (2004). Application of cross-flow microfiltration for the treatment of combined sewer overflow wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, 130(12), 1442-1449.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2004)130:12(1442).
Neufeld, R.D., Bendick, J., Kindle, B.J., Miller, C., & Vidic, R.D. (2004). Ceramic membrane filtration: An alternative wet weather management technology. Proceedings of the 2004 World Water and Environmental Resources Congress: Critical Transitions in Water and Environmental Resources Management, 651-658.
Dilmore, R.M., & Neufeld, R.D. (2001). Autoclaved aerated concrete produced with low NOx burner/selective catalytic reduction fly ash. JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING-ASCE, 127(2), 37-50.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(2001)127:2(37).
Bausmith, D.S., & Neufeld, R.D. (1999). Soil biodegradation of propylene glycol based aircraft deicing fluids. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 71(4), 459-464.Wiley. doi: 10.2175/106143097X121997.
Gingerich, I., Neufeld, R.D., & Thomas, T.A. (1999). Electroosmotically enhanced sludge pressure filtration. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 71(3), 267-276.Wiley. doi: 10.2175/106143098X121923.
Pritts, J.W., Neufeld, R.D., & Cobb, J.T. (1999). Stabilization of heavy metal containing hazardous wastes with byproducts from advanced clean coal technology systems. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, 49(10), 1190-1200.Informa UK Limited. doi: 10.1080/10473289.1999.10463918.
Ropelewski, L., & Neufeld, R.D. (1999). Thermal inertia properties of autoclaved aerated concrete. JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING-ASCE, 125(2), 59-75.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(1999)125:2(59).
Hu, W., Neufeld, R.D., Vallejo, L.E., Kelly, C., & Latona, M. (1997). Properties of autoclaved cellular concrete with high volume fly ash. JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING-ASCE, 123(2), 44-54.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(1997)123:2(44).
Latona, M.C., Neufeld, R.D., Hu, W., Kelly, C., & Vallejo, L.E. (1997). Response of MICROTOX organisms to leachates of autoclaved cellular concrete. JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING-ASCE, 123(2), 35-43.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(1997)123:2(35).
Latona, M.C., Neufeld, R.D., Vallejo, L.E., Brandon, D., Hu, W., & Kelly, C. (1997). Leachate and radon production from fly ash autoclaved cellular concrete. JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING-ASCE, 123(2), 55-67.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(1997)123:2(55).
Ouki, S.K., & Neufeld, R.D. (1997). Use of activated carbon for the recovery of chromium from industrial wastewaters. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 70(1), 3-8. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199709)70:1<3::AID-JCTB664>3.0.CO;2-5.
Neufeld, R.D., Cobb, J.T., Pritts, J., Clifford, V., Bender, C., & Beeghley, J. (1996). Hazardous waste stabilization with clean-coal technology ash residuals. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 34(10), 179-185.IWA Publishing. doi: 10.2166/wst.1996.0254.
NEUFELD, R.D., BADALI, C.A., POWERS, D., & CARSON, C. (1994). SUBMERGED UPFLOW BIOTOWER OPERATION AND COMPUTER-SIMULATION. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 30(11), 143-146.IWA Publishing. doi: 10.2166/wst.1994.0554.
NEUFELD, R.D., NIAKI, S., BADALI, C., LIU, P.K.T., & POWERS, D. (1994). ACTIVATED BIOFILM REMOVAL OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF TOLUENE. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH, 66(7), 899-904.Wiley. doi: 10.2175/WER.66.7.6.
NEUFELD, R.D., VALLEJO, L.E., HU, W.Y., LATONA, M., CARSON, C., & KELLY, C. (1994). PROPERTIES OF HIGH FLY-ASH CONTENT CELLULAR CONCRETE. JOURNAL OF ENERGY ENGINEERING-ASCE, 120(1), 35-48.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9402(1994)120:1(35).
George, E.J., & Neufeld, R.D. (1989). In-Situ Degradation of Fluorene in Soils by the Fungus Phanerochaete Chrysosporium. Biotechn & BioEng, 33(10), 1306-1310.
GEORGE, E.J., & NEUFELD, R.D. (1989). DEGRADATION OF FLUORENE IN SOIL BY FUNGUS PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING, 33(10), 1306-1310.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/bit.260331012.
MORETTI, C.J., & NEUFELD, R.D. (1989). PAH PARTITIONING MECHANISMS WITH ACTIVATED-SLUDGE. WATER RESEARCH, 23(1), 93-102.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(89)90067-5.
NEUFELD, R., GREENFIELD, J., & RIEDER, B. (1986). TEMPERATURE, CYANIDE AND PHENOLIC NITRIFICATION INHIBITION. WATER RESEARCH, 20(5), 633-642.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(86)90028-X.
Neufeld, R.D., Greenfield, J., & Reider, B. (1986). Temperature, Phenolic, and Cyanide Nitrification Inhibition. Water Research, 20(5), 633-642.
Wu, Y.C., Bandy, J.T., Drago, J.A., Gaudy, A.F., Hao, O., Hubbell, J.W., Hung, Y.T., Lung, W.S., Neufeld, R.D., Scholze, R.J., Wright, W.C., Young, J.C., & Yu, C.H. (1986). Tertiary Filtration of Wastewaters. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 112(6), 1008-1025.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1986)112:6(1008).
Neufeld, R.D., & Paladino, S.B. (1985). "Comparison of 4-AA and GLC Techniques for Aqueous Phase Phenolic Determinations. J.W.P.C.F, 57(10), 1040-1044.
NEUFELD, R.D., & PALADINO, S.B. (1985). COMPARISON OF 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE AND GAS-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES FOR ANALYSIS OF PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS. JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 57(10), 1040-1044.
NEUFELD, R.D., DEBES, M.R., MORETTI, C., MAYERNIK, J., KELETI, G., SYKORA, J., & BENDER, J. (1985). COOLING-TOWER EVAPORATION OF TREATED COAL-GASIFICATION WASTEWATERS. JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 57(9), 955-964.
Neufeld, R.D. (1984). TREATMENT OF WASTES FROM THE SYNTHETIC FUELS INDUSTRY. 2, 65-129.
Neufeld, R.D., & Wallach, S. (1984). Chemical and toxicity analysis of leachates from coal conversion solid wastes. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 56(3 I), 266-273.
NEUFELD, R.D., & WALLACH, S. (1984). CHEMICAL AND TOXICITY ANALYSIS OF LEACHATES FROM COAL CONVERSION SOLID-WASTES. JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 56(3), 266-273.
ERDOGAN, H., & NEUFELD, R.D. (1983). MODELING LEACHATES AT LANDFILL BOUNDARIES. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE, 109(5), 1181-1194.American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1983)109:5(1181).
Terril, M., & Neufeld, R.D. (1983). Blast Furnace Recycle System Treatment with Reverse Osmosis. Environmental Progress, 2(2), 121-127.
Terril, M.E., & Neufeld, R.D. (1983). Reverse osmosis of blast‐furnace scrubber water. Environmental Progress, 2(2), 121-127.Wiley. doi: 10.1002/ep.670020210.
Neufeld, R.D., Mattson, L., & Lubon, P. (1981). Thiocyanate Bio-oxidation Kinetics. Journ. Env. Eng. Div., Proc. ASCE, 107(EE5), 1035-1049.
Neufeld, R.D. (1980). Engineering Design Variables for the Activated Sludge Process. Proc. ASCE. Env. Eng. Div, 106(EE3), 473-503.
NEUFELD, R.D., HILL, A.J., & ADEKOYA, D.O. (1980). PHENOL AND FREE AMMONIA INHIBITION TO NITROSOMONA ACTIVITY. WATER RESEARCH, 14(12), 1695-1703.Elsevier BV. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(80)90105-0.
NEUFELD, R.D., MACK, J.D., & STRAKEY, J.P. (1980). ANAEROBIC PHENOL BIOKINETICS. JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 52(9), 2367-2377.
NEUFELD, R.D., & VALIKNAC, T. (1979). INHIBITION OF PHENOL BIODEGRADATION BY THIOCYANATE. JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 51(9), 2283-2291.
NEUFELD, R.D., & SPINOLA, A.A. (1978). OZONATION OF COAL-GASIFICATION PLANT WASTEWATER. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 12(4), 470-472.American Chemical Society (ACS). doi: 10.1021/es60140a014.
NEUFELD, R.D., & YODNANE, P. (1978). ENHANCED WASTEWATER PURIFICATION VIA ADDITION OF GRANULAR COALS AND CHARS TO ACTIVATED-SLUDGE. JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 50(3), 559-568.
Neufeld, R.D., Gutierrez, J., & Novak, R. (1977). A Kinetic Model and Equilibrium Relationship for Heavy Metal Accumulation on Activated Sludge. Journ. Water Poll. Contr. Fed., 49(3), 489-498.
Neufeld, R.D., Gutierrez, J., & Novak, R.A. (1977). A kinetic model and equilibrium relationship for heavy metal accumulation. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 49(3 I), 489-498.
NEUFELD, R.D. (1976). HEAVY METALS-INDUCED DEFLOCCULATION OF ACTIVATED-SLUDGE. JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 48(8), 1940-1947.
McEntire, F.E., & Neufeld, R.D. (1975). Microbial methylation of mercury: a survey. Water Pollution Control, 74(4), 465-470.
Neufeld, R.D. (1975). Wastewater treatment plant odors: a continuing enigma. Public Works, 106(3), 1975.
NEUFELD, R.D., & HERMANN, E.R. (1975). HEAVY-METAL REMOVAL BY ACCLIMATED ACTIVATED-SLUDGE. JOURNAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL FEDERATION, 47(2), 310-329.
Neufeld, R.D., & Hermann, E.R. (1973). Effects of Iron on Activated Sludge Treatment. Proc. ASCE, 99(EE6).
Neufeld, R.D., & Thodos, G. (1969). Removal of orthophosphates from aqueous solutions with activated alumina. Environmental Science & Technology, 3(7), 661-667.American Chemical Society (ACS). doi: 10.1021/es60030a007.
Neufeld, R.D., Ropelewski, L., & Acheson, M. (2012). Sewage as a Mixed Organic Substrate for Desulfurization Bacteria. In Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, 2012(17), (pp. 265-274).Water Environment Federation. doi: 10.2175/193864712811740611.
Cobb, J.T., Neufeld, R.D., Bender, C.F., Pritts, J.W., & Clifford, B.V. (1997). Preparation of a commercial test of the treatment of metal-laden hazardous wastes with clean coal technology by-products. In Hazardous and Industrial Wastes - Proceedings of the Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, (pp. 139-148).Technomics Publishing Co.
Cobb, J., Neufeld, R.D., Pritts, J., Clifford, V., Bender, C., & Beeghly, J. (1996). Stabilization of metal-laden hazardous wastes using lime-containing ash from two FBC's and a spray-drier. In ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, 41(2), (pp. 558-562).
Latona, M.C., Neufeld, R.D., Vallejo, L.E., Hu, W., & Kelly, C. (1996). Environmental impacts of autoclaved cellular concrete. In Geotechnical Special Publication, (59), (pp. 57-69).
Neufeld, R.D., Cobb, J.T., Pritts, J., Clifford, V., Bender, C., & Beeghley, J. (1996). Hazardous waste stabilization with clean-coal technology ash residuals. Poster session presented at the meeting of P-CP19 at the IAWQ 18th International Conference.Singapore.
Picard, L. (1994). Welcoming address. American Power Conference ASCE/IEEE Luncheon.Chicago. doi: 10.1007/bf02263697.
Niaki, S., Neufeld, R.D., & Blair, J.E. (1990). Selection of air flow rates and cultures in aerobic biotowers for removal of hydrocarbons from wastewaters. In Hazardous and Industrial Wastes - Proceedings of the Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste Conference, (pp. 669-680).
Moretti, C.J., & Neufeld, R.D. (1985). ACCUMULATION OF MUTAGENIC POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN BIOLOGICAL SLUDGE. In Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference, (pp. 937-947).
Neufeld, R.D., Zeien, C.T., Willson, W.G., & Reveal, W.S. (1985). COMBINED CYCLE COAL CONVERSION WATER ISSUES. (pp. 51-57).
Neufeld, R.D., Moretti, C., Sykora, J., & Keleti, G. (1984). LINKAGE BETWEEN COAL GASIFICATION WASTEWATER PROCESSING AND RESULTANT SLUDGES: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ASPECTS. In United States Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (Report) DOE/METC, (pp. 152-159).
Neufeld, R.D. (1983). Chemical and biological characterizations of solid wastes from synthetic fuels facilities. In PROC. NORTH DAKOTA ACAD. SCI., VOL. 37, (p. 34).
Neufeld, R.D., & Greenfield, J.H. (1983). NITRIFICATION KINETICS AS INFLUENCED BY COKE PLANT WASTEWATERS. (pp. 346-356).
Greenfield, J.H., & Neufeld, R.D. (1982). QUANTIFICATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF STEEL INDUSTRY TRACE ORGANIC SUBSTANCES ON BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION. In Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference, (pp. 772-783).Pergammon Press.
McGarvey, C.N., Neufeld, R.D., & Cobb, J.T. (1982). PERMITTING A GKT/ICI/MOBIL-M PLANT IN PENNSYLVANIA. In Preprints - ASCE Convention & Exposition.
Moretti, C., Neufeld, R.D., & Ali, F. (1982). PRETREATMENT AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF FIXED-BED COAL GASIFICATION WASTEWATERS. In Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference, (pp. 121-130).Pergammon Press.
Skubak, J., & Neufeld, R.D. (1982). MASS BALANCE MODEL FOR RINSEWATER IN A CONTINUOUS STRIP HALOGEN ELECTROLYTIC TINNING OPERATION FOR USE IN EVALUATING WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND RECOVERY ALTERNATIVES. In United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, (Report) EPA, (pp. 388-402).
Terril, M.E., & Neufeld, R.D. (1982). INVESTIGATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS FOR THE TREATMENT OF RECYCLED BLAST FURNACE SCRUBBER WATER. In United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, (Report) EPA, (pp. 320-343).
Neufeld, R.D., Hill, A.J., & Greenfield, J.H. (1981). FACTORS INFLUENCING BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION OF STEEL INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS. In AIChE Symposium Series, (209), (pp. 151-158).
NEUFELD, R.D., MATTSON, L., & LUBON, P. (1981). THIOCYANATE BIO-OXIDATION KINETICS. In JOURNAL OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DIVISION-ASCE, 107(5), (pp. 1035-1049).
Drummond, C.J., Johnson, G.E., Neufeld, R.D., & Haynes, W.P. (1980). BIOCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF COAL CONVERSION WASTEWATERS. In AIChE Symposium Series, 76(197), (pp. 209-214).
Hill, A.J., & Neufeld, R.D. (1980). INFLUENCE OF UN-IONIZED AMMONIA AND INORGANIC CARBON ON BIOLOGICAL NITRIFICATION. In Proceedings of the Industrial Waste Conference, (pp. 73-86).
Neufeld, R.D., Drummond, C.J., & Johnson, G.E. (1978). BIOKINETICS OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE TREATMENT OF SYNTHANE FLUIDIZED BED GASIFICATION WASTEWATERS. In Am Chem Soc Div Fuel Chem Prepr, 23(2), (pp. 175-186).
Neufeld, R.D., & Hermann, E.R. (1975). AQUEOUS HEAVY METAL REMOVAL VIA WASTE BIOLOGICAL SLUDGES. (pp. 225-232).